Islamophobia

Closed and Open Views of Islam
Distinctions	Closed views of Islam (Islamophobia)	Open views of Islam
Monolithic/ diverse	Islam seen as a single monolithic bloc, static, and unresponsive to new realities.	Islam seen as diverse and progressive, with internal differences, debates and development.
Separate/ interacting	Islam seen as separate and other – (a)not having any aims or values in common with other cultures (b) not affected by them (c) not influencing them.	Islam seen as interdependent with other faiths and cultures – (a) having certain shared values and aims (b) affected by them (c) enriching them.
Inferior/ different	Islam seen as inferior to the West – barbaric, irrational, primitive, sexist.	Islam seen as distinctively different, but not deficient, and as equally worthy of respect. employment
Enemy/ partner	Islam seen as violent, aggressive, threatening, supportive of terrorism, engaged in ‘a clash of civilisations’.	Islam seen as an actual or potential partner in joint cooperative enterprises and in the solution of shared problems.
Manipulative/ sincere	Islam seen as a political ideology, used for political or military advantage.	Islam seen as a genuine religious faith, practised sincerely by its adherents.
Criticism of West rejected/considered	Criticisms made by Islam of ‘the West’ rejected out of hand	Criticisms of ‘the West’ and other cultures are considered and debated.
Discrimination defended/ criticised	Hostility towards Islam used to justify discriminatory practices towards Muslims and exclusion of Muslims from mainstream society.	Debates and disagreements with Islam do not diminish efforts to combat discrimination and exclusion.
Islamophobia natural/ problematic	Anti-Muslim hostility accepted as natural and ‘normal’.	Critical views of Islam are themselves subjected to critique, lest they be inaccurate and unfair.

Runnymede Trust, 1997

Because of the emphasis upon closed views, so the report established a simple premise from which those who wanted to detract from or dismiss Islamophobia could easily do so by merely suggesting that if ‘closed views’ equalled Islamophobia, so one must presume that ‘open views’ equalled Islamophilia. Those who wanted to argue against Islamophobia therefore suggested that the only solution being put forward by the Commission was an abnormal liking or love of Islam and Muslims (philia). The black and white duality of the love or hate of Muslims and Islam was therefore the only options available thereby ignoring all those grey areas that exist in. Since 1997 then, all that which has fallen within that grey has been given licence to gain momentum and form the basis upon which more indirect forms of Islamophobia have found favour.

Chris Allen The First Decade of islamophobia (2007, Page 7)

Further Reading
Edward Said, Orientalism, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978 Ziauddin Sardar, The Future of Muslim Civilization, London: Croom Helm, 1979 ruptured the Westcentric complacency of modernization theory as teleology which deemed the very idea of a ‘Future of Muslim Civilization’ or ‘Islamic Futures’ oxymoronic concepts. Edward Said, Covering Islam: How the media and the experts determine how we see the rest of the world, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981 Talal Asad, The Idea of an Anthropology of Islam, Washington D.C.: Centre for Comtemporary Arab Studies-GeorgeTown University, 1986 pathbreaking conceptualisation of Islam as “a discursive tradition” Tariq Modood, ‘Goodbye Alabama: notes for a new anti-racism’, The Guardian 22 May 1989 republished in Modood Not Easy Being British, 1992, pp.79-83. Modood’s first post-Rushdie print intervention merging differentiation of Asian identity out of Blackness with still tentative but specifically Muslim religious identity by reference to communal faith dimension of ethnicity Tariq Modood, ‘Religious Anger and Minority Rights’, Political Quarterly 60:3 (July 1989), 280-84 adds critique of liberal-left’s blinkered view of ‘religion’ to Modood’s ongoing critique of the dominant dual-race model and post-Rushdie Muslim assertiveness Tariq Modood, ‘British Asian Muslims and the Rushdie Affair’, Political Quarterly 61:2 (April 1990), 143-160 Modood’s earliest substantial synthesis of his developing critique with the emerging threads which will be developed into a full fledged politics of difference and recognition argument for an equality sensitive to power differentials and group identity in papers and articles from 92 to 96, with the analysis of the economic dimension strengthened from 91; part of a PQ dossier on ‘the Resurgence of Religion’ [Kalim Siddiqui], The Muslim Manifesto – a strategy for survival, London: The Muslim Institute, 1990 http://www.muslimparliament.org.uk/MuslimManifesto.pdf blueprint for a Muslim political standpoint in Britain but integrated in the global Islamic movement; see also Mohammed 1996 S. Sayyid, ‘Sign O’ Times: Kaffirs and Infidels Fighting the Ninth Crusade’, in Ernesto Laclau ed., The Making of Political Identities, London: Verso, 1994, pp.264-286 first outline of thesis advanced in Sayyid’s 1997 A Fundamental Fear Jan Neverdeen Pieterse, ‘Unpacking the West: How European is Europe?’, in Ali Rattansi and Sallie Westwood eds., Racism, Modernity, Identity: On the Western Front, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994, pp.129-149 Jahangir Mohammed, The Home Office Strategy for Islam and Muslims in Britain. A discussion paper, London: The Muslim Parliament of Great Britain – The Open Press, 1996 an early critique of the (post)colonial governance of a domesticated Islam and disciplining Muslims through discourse of moderation and representation Bobby S. Sayyid, A Fundamental Fear: Eurocentrism and the Emergence of Islamism, London: Zed Books, 1997 Islamophobia its features and dangers. A consultation paper, Commission on British Muslims and Islamophobia, The Runnymede Trust, February 1997 Islamophobia a challenge for us all. Report of the Runnymede Trust Commission on British Muslims and Islamophobia (Chaired by Prof. Gordon Conway), The Runnymede Trust, 1997 Michael Banton, ‘Islamophobia: a critical analysis’, Dialogue (December 1998) Fred Halliday, ‘“Islamophobia” Reconsidered’, Ethnic & Racial Studies, 22: 5 (September 1999), 892-902. Malcolm D. Brown ‘Orientalism and Resistance to Orientalism: Muslim Identities in Contemporary Western Europe’ in Sasha Roseneil and Julie Seymour eds., Practising Identities: Power and Resistance, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 1999, pp.180-198 Peter G. Mandaville and Bobby S. Sayyid, ‘Bobby S. Sayyid’s A Fundamental Fear: A dialogical review’, Global Society 13:2 (1999), 207-217 Max Silverman and Nira Yuval-Davis, ‘Jews, Arabs and the theorisation of Racism in Britain and France’, in Avtar Brah et al eds., Thinking identities : ethnicity, racism, and culture, New York: St Martin’s Press, 1999, pp.25-48 95 Talal Asad, ‘Religion, Nation State, Secularism’, in Peter Van der Veer and Hartmut Lehman eds., Nation and Religion: Perspectives on Europe and Asia, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999, pp.178-196 S. Sayyid, ‘Beyond Westphalia: Nations and Diasporas – the case of the Muslim Umma’ in Barnor Hesse ed., Unsettling Multiculturalism. London: Zed Books, 2000, pp.33-50 Talal Asad, ‘Muslims and European Identity: Can Europe represent Islam?’, in Elizabeth Hallam and Brian V. Street eds., Cultural Encounters: Representing ‘otherness’, London: Routledge, 2000, pp.11-27 Malcolm D. Brown, “Conceptualizing Racism and Islamophobia” in Jessica Ter Wal and Maykel Verkuyten (eds.) Comparative Perspectives on Racism, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000, pp. 73-90 Christopher Allen, Islamophobia: Western Perceptions of Islam in the contemporary World, dissertation, University of Wolverhampton, June 2001 Christopher Allen, Islamophobia in the Media Since September 11th, FAIR, September 2001 http://www.fairuk.org/docs/Islamophobia-in-the-Media-since-911-ChristopherAllen.pdf Anti-Islamic Reactions Within the European Union after the recent acts of terror against the USA. A collection of country reports from RAXEN National Focus Points, Vienna, EUMC, October 2001: http://fra.europa.eu/fra/material/pub/anti-islam/Report-041001.pdf Anti-Islamic Reactions in the EU after the terrorist acts against the USA. A collection of country reports from Raxen National Focal Points, Second Report (25 September-19 October), EUMC, 2001: http://fra.europa.eu/fra/material/pub/anti-islam/Nat-Report-291101.pdf Chris Allen and Jorgen S. Nielsen, Summary Report on Islamophobia in the EU15 after 11 September 2001. Vienna: European Monitoring Centre for Racism and Xenophobia, May 2002 http://fra.europa.eu/fra/material/pub/anti-islam/Synthesis-report_en.pdf Susan M. Akram and Kevin R. Johnson, ‘Race, Civil Rights and Immigration Law after September 11, 2001: The targetting of Arabs and Muslims’, NYU Annual Survey of American Law 58:3 (2002), 295-355: http://www.law.nyu.edu/pubs/annualsurvey/documents/58%20N.Y.U.%20Ann.%20Surv.%20Am.%20L.%20295%20(2002).pdf Liz Fekete, Racism: the hidden costs of September 11, London: IRR, 2002 Azru Merali and Massoud Shadjareh, Islamophobia - The New Crusade, Wembley: IHRC, 2002 L. Sheridan, E. Blaauw, R. Gillet and F.W. Winkel, ‘Discrimination and implicit Racism on the Basis of Religion and Ethnicity: Effects of the events of September 11 on five religious and seven ethnic groups, unpublished research, University of Leicester, 2002 Summarised in: Michael Connolly ed., Townshend-Smith on Discrimination Law: Text, Cases and Materials, London: RoutledgeCavendish, 2004, pp.19-20 Elizabeth Poole, Reporting Islam: Media Representations of British Muslims, London: I. B. Tauris, 2002 Rinela Cere, ‘“Islamophobia” and the Media in Italy’, Feminist Media Studies, 2:1 (March 2002), 133-136 Rana Kabbani, ‘Bible of the Muslim haters’, The Guardian 11.6.2002 Muneer Ahmad, ‘Homeland Insecurities: Racial Violence the day after September 11’, Social Text 72, vol. 20:3 (Fall 2002), 101-115 see expanded argument in Ahmad ‘Rage Shared by Law’ (2004) Steven Vertovec, ‘Islamophobia and Muslim Recognition in Britain’, in Muslims in the West: From sojourners to citizens, New York: Oxford University Press, 2002, pp.19-35 Lorraine Sheridan, ‘Religious Discrimination: The new racism’, in The Quest for Sanity: Reflections on September 11 and the aftermath, London: MCB, 2002, pp.86-93 Chrisopher Allen, ‘Islamophobia in the EU post September 11’, in The Quest for Sanity: Reflections on September 11 and the aftermath, London: MCB, 2002, pp.136-143 Robert Miles and Malcolm Brown, Racism, 2nd ed., London: Routledge, 2003 David Tyrer, Institutionalised Islamophobia in British Universities, PhD Thesis (Sociology), University of Salford, 2003 Elizabeth Poole, ‘Islamophobia’, in Ellis Cashmore ed., Encyclopedia of Race and Ethnic Studies, London: Routledge, 2003 Fernne Brenan, ‘Punishing Islamophobic Hostility: Are any lessons to be learnt from racially hostile crimes?’, Journal of Civil Liberties 8:1 (2003), 28-50 also from: http://www.lawfile.org.uk/Racial%20Crimes.htm Rachel A. D. Bloul, ‘Islamophobia and Anti-Discrimination Laws: Ethno-religion as a legal category in the UK and Australia’, National Europe Centre Paper 78 http://www.anu.edu.au/NEC/Archive/bloul_paper.pdf Neil MacMaster, ‘Islamophobia in France and the “Algerian Problem”’, in Emran Qureshi and Micahel Sells eds., The New Crusades: Constructing the Enemy Within, New York: Columbia U.P., 2003, pp.288-313 Vincent Geisser, La nouvelle islamophobie, Paris: La Decouverte, 2003 S. Sayyid, ‘Muslims in Britain: Towards a political agenda’, in Mohammad Siddique Seddon et al eds., British Muslims: Loyalty and Belonging, Leicester: Islamic Foundation, 2003, pp.87-94 Tariq Modood, ‘Muslims and the Politics of Difference’, Political Quarterly 74:1 (2003), 100-115 Xavier Ternisien, ‘Du Racisme anti-arabe à l’Islamophobie’, Le Monde, 10 October 2003 Islamophobie, ProChoix 26-27 (Autumn 2003) http://www.prochoix.org/pdf/prochoix26-27.pdf special issue on Islamophobia from uncompromising French Republican laic feminist perspective settling accounts with Xavier Ternisien, rejecting his argument of an evolution from anti-Arab racism to islamophobia, and Vincent Geisser’s thesis of New Islamophobia; includes article by Irshad Manji and several attacks on Tariq Ramadan. Includes: Caroline Fourest and Fiametta Venner, ‘Islamophobie?’, 13-16 Main article by the journal’s founders which claims that the term was first coined by Iranian Mullahs in 1979 by which to label women who refused to wear to veil as evil Muslims, and revived by Islamists to silence feminists and liberals. Christopher Allen, ‘Emerging from the Fog: Islamophobia in the Wake of 9/11’, Islamica magazine 10 (Winter 2003), pp.25-31 Laurent Bonnefoy, ‘Public Institutions and Islam: A new stigmatizatin?’, ISIM Newsletter 13 (December 2003), 22 Stefano Allievi, 'Islamofobia? Nuove forme di definizione e stigmatizzazione dell'alterità', Razzismo e Modernità, 2 (2003), 3-30 Jürgen Leibold and Steffen Kühnel, ‘Islamophobie: Sensible Aufmerksamkeit für spannungsreiche Anzeichen’, in Wilhelm Heitmeyer ed., Deutsche Zustände, Folge 2, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 2003, pp. 100-119. Jasmin Zine, ‘Dealing With September 12th: The Challenge of Anti-Islamophobia Education’, Orbit 33:3 (2003) special issue: Anti-Racism Practices and Inclusive Schooling, ed. by George S Sefa Dei and Njoki Wane: http://www.oise.utoronto.ca/orbit/anti-racism_sample.html Manifesto Contra la Islamofobia, Madrid: Fundación de Cultura Islámica, 2003 The Fight Against Anti-Semitism and Islamophobia: Bringing Communities Together. A Summary of three Round Table Meetings, Brussels-Vienna: EC-EUMC, Fall 2003: http://fra.europa.eu/fra/material/pub/RT3/Report-RT3-en.pdf see especially Part 2: ‘Manifestations of Islamophobia in Europe’, comprising country, regional and Europe wide overviews and analysis of Islamophobia and combating Islamophobia John E. Richardson, (Mis)Representing Islam: The racism and rhetoric of British broadsheet newspapers, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2004 See ch.1 for discussion of conceptualisations and contestations over of “Islamophobia” Mahmood Mamdani, Good Muslim, Bad Muslim: America, The Cold War, and the Roots of Terror, New York: Pantheon, 2004 S. Sayyid, ‘Slippery People: The immigrant imaginary and the grammar of colours’, in Ian Law et al eds., Institutional Racism in Higher Education, Stoke on Trent: Trentham Books, 2004, pp.149-159 Engseng Ho, ‘Empire Through Diasporic Eyes: A view from the Other Boat’, in John Tirman ed., The Maze of Fear: Security and Migration after 9/11, New York: The New Press, 2004, pp.17-44 D. Shumsky, ‘Post-Zionist orientalism? Orientalist discourse and Islamophobia among the Russian-speaking intelligentsia in Israel’, Social Identities 10:1 (January 2004), 83-99 Nazir Ahmed, Islamophobia and Antisemitism, European Judaism, 37: 1 (January 2004), 124-127 Gabriele Marranci, ‘Multiculturalism, Islam and the clash of civilisations theory: rethinking Islamophobia’, Culture and Religion 5:1 (March 2004), 105-117 Rachel Guglielmo, ‘Human Rights in the Accession Process: Roma and Muslims in an Enlarging EU’, in Gabriel N. Toggenburg ed., Minority Protection and the Enlarged European Union: The Way Forward, Budapest: EURAC, 2004, pp.37-58 Islamophobia issues, challenges and action. A Report by the Commission on British Muslims and Islamophobia (Chaired by Dr Richard Stone), London: Uniting Britain Trust-Stoke on Trent: Trentham Books, 2004 Neo-orientalism and Islamophobia: post 9/11, special issue of American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, 21:3 (Summer 2004), ed. by Katherine Bullock: http://rnb.uin.googlepages.com/v21n3summer2004.pdf includes: Katherine Bullock, ‘Editorial’, i-iv 98 Christopher Allen, ‘Justifying Islamophobia: A post 9/11 Consideration of the European Union and British Contexts’, 1-25 Tahir Abbas, ‘After 9/11: British South Asian Muslims, Islamophobia, Multiculturalism, and the State’, 26-38 Jasmin Zine, ‘Anti-Islamophobia Education as Transformative Pedagogy: Reflections from the Educational Frontlines’, 110-119 Liz Fekete, ‘Anti-Muslim Racism and the European Security State’, Race & Class 46:1 (July 2004), 3-29 Alexander Verkhovsky, ‘Who is the Enemy Now?: Islamophobia and antisemitism among Russian Orthodox Nationslists before and after September 11’, Patterns of Prejudice, 32:2 (2004), 127-143 Muneer I. Ahmad, ‘A Rage Shared by Law: Post-September 11 Racial Violence as Crimes of Passion’, California Law Review, 92:5 (October 2004), 1259-1330 David Tyrer, ‘The Others: Extremism and intolerance on campus and the spectre of Islamic fundamentalism’, in Ian Law et al eds., Institutional Racism in Higher Education, stoke on Trent: Trentham Books, 2004, pp.35-48 Barry van Driel ed., Confronting Islamophobia in Educational Practice, Stoke on Trent: Trentham Books, 2004 includes: Lorraine Sheridan, ‘Islamophobia before and after september 11th 2001’, 163-176 Islamophobia and its Consequences on Young People. A Seminar Report, ed. by Ingrid Ramberg, Budapest: Council of Europe, 2004 http://eycb.coe.int/eycbwwwroot/HRE/eng/documents/Islamophobia%20report/Islamophobia%20final%20ENG.pdf includes: François Sant’Angelo, ‘The Council of Europe and the Work Against Islamophobia: Existing instruments and standards’, 29-35 Vincent Geisser, ‘Islamophobia in Europe: From the Christian anti-Muslim prejudice to a modern form of racism’, 36-47 Rapport d'étape du CCIF en France 2003/2004, Collectif Contre l’Islamophobie en France, October 2004: http://www.islamophobie.net/dev/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=27&Itemid=42 Jessica Alves dos Santos Batista, Racisme et Islamophobie dans les publications du Vlaams Blok à Bruxelles: L‘islamophobie a’t’elle remplacé le concept de l’inégalité des races?, Degree Dissertation in Political Science-International Relations, Free University of Brussels, 2004: http://www.blokwatch.be/media/2004JessicaIslamophobie.PDF Paul A. Silverstein, ‘Islam, Bodily Practice, and Social Reproduction’, in Algeria in France: Transpolitics, Race and Nation, Indiana: Indiana U.P., 2005, pp.121-150 Margaret Chon and Donna E. Arzt, ‘Walking While Muslim’, Law and Contemporary Problems, 68 (2004-2005), 215-254 http://www.law.duke.edu/shell/cite.pl?68+Law+&+Contemp.+Probs.+215+(spring+2005) Tariq Modood, Multicultural Politics: Racism, Ethnicity and Muslims in Britain, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2005 See ‘Introduction: Racism, Asian Muslims, and the Politics of Difference’, pp.1-23 Muslims in the UK: Policies for Engaged Citizens, ed. by Tufyal Choudhury, EU Monitoring and Advocacy Programme–Open Society Institute, 2005 Ch. 1: ‘Discrimination, Equality and Community Cohesion’ (based on draft report by Maleiha Malik), 43-99 http://www.eumap.org/topics/minority/reports/britishmuslims/sections/equality/6_Equality.pdf Derek McGhee, ‘Faith Hate in post 9/11 UK’, in Intolerant Britain?: hate, citizenship, and difference, Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill–Open University Press, 2005, pp.92-117 Muzzamil Quraishi, ‘Colonialism, Criminalized Tribes and Islamophobia’, ch.3 of Muslims and Crime: A Comparative Perspective, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005, pp.48-63 Chris Allen, ‘Endemically European or a European Epidemic? Islamophobia in the post 9/11 Europe’, in Ron Geaves et al eds., Islam & the West post 9/11, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004, pp.130-145 Chris Allen, ‘From Race to Religion: The new face of discrimination’, in Tahir Abbas ed., Muslims in Britian: Communities under pressure, London: Zed Books, 2005, pp.49-65 Ali Rattansi, ‘On Being and not Being Brown/Black-British: Racism, Class, Sexuality, and Ethnicity in post-Imperial Britain (with Postscript 2004: The Politics of Longing and (Un)Belonging, Fear, and Loathing)’, in Jo-Anne Lee and John Lutz eds., Situating “Race” and Racisms in Space, Time, and Theory: Critical Essays for Activists and Scholars, Montreal: McGill-Queen’s U.P., 2005, pp.46-76 Ali Rattansi, ‘The Uses of Racialization: The time-spaces and subject-objects of the raced body’, in Karim Murji and John Solomos eds., Racialization: Studies in theory and practice, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005, pp.271-301 Claims to highlight a ‘hitherto neglected’ aspect of the concept of Islamophobia, ‘its tendency to pathologise’, which results in essentialised and dehistoricised analyses Göran Larsson, ‘The impact of global conflicts on local contexts: Muslims in sweden after 9/11 – the rise of Islamophobia, or new possibilities?’, Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, 16:1 (January 2005), 29-42 Kenan Malik, ‘Islamophobia Myth’, Prospect (February 2005), 28-31 Pnina Werbner, ‘Islamophobia: incitement to religious hatred – legislating for a new fear?’, Anthropology Today, 21:1 (February 2005): 5–9. see reply by Brian Street, AT Oct 2005 Jörg Stolz, ‘Explaining Islamophobia: A Test of four Theories Based on the Case of a Swiss City’, Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Soziologie/ Swiss Journal of Sociology, 31: 3, 2005, 547-566 according to the abstract: ‘a new definition of Islamophobia is proposed, as well as practical solutions to frequent epistemological problems [...] it is found that islamophobia can be accounted for by a traditionalist world-view which in turn is caused by rapid social change’ Intolerance and Discrimination against Muslims in the EU Developments since September 11, Report, Helsinki: International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights (IHF), March 2005 Mehmet Aydin, ‘Fighting Intolerance and Discimination against Muslims: facilitating integration and respecting Cultural difference’, OSCE Conference on Anti-Semitism and on Other Forms of Intolerance, Cordoba, June 2005: http://www.osce.org/documents/cio/2005/06/15051_en.pdf Haleh Afshar, Rob Aitken and Myfanwy Franks, ‘Feminisms, Islamophobia and Identities’, Political Studies, Volume 53: 2 (June 2005), 262-283 Thomas Deltombe, L’Islam Imaginaire: La construction médiatique de l’islamophobie en France, 1975-2005, Paris: La Découverte, 2005 Jasbir K. Puar ‘On Torture: Abu Ghraib’, Radical History Review 93 (Fall 2005), 13-38 see: ‘The Production of the Muslim Body’ Nassim Mobasher, ‘The Production of the Muslim Race’, Hot Coals, posted 15 November 2005: http://hotcoals.org/?p=30 Matti Bunzl, ‘Between Anti-Semitism and Islamophobia: Some Thoughts on the New Europe’, American Ethnologist, Vol. 32, No. 4. (November 2005), 499-508 includes responses from: Esra Özyürek, ‘The politics of cultural unification, secularism, and the place of Islam in the new Europe’, 509-512 Andre Gingrich, ‘Anthropological analyses of Islamophobia and anti-Semitism in Europe’, 513-515 Jonathan Boyarin, ‘Discerning the ghosts and the interest of the living’, 516-18 Karen Brodkin, ‘Xenophobia, the state, and capitalism’, 519-20 Dominic Boyer, ‘Welcome to the new Europe’, 521-23 John Bowen, ‘Commentary on Bunzl’, 524-25 Nina Glick Schiller, ‘Racialized nations, evangelizing Christianity, police states, and imperial power: Missing in action in Bunzl’s new Europe’, 526-532 Matti Bunzl, ‘Rejoinder: Methods and politics’, 533-37 see also Bunzl 2007 Brian Street, ‘Islamophobia and Racism: A response to Pnina Werbner, Anthropology Today 21:5 (October 2005), 21. Yahya Birt, ‘Muslims and the Politics of Race and Faith in Britain and Europe’, The Muslim World Book Review 26:1 (2005), 6-19 The impact of 7 July 2005 London bomb attacks on Muslim Communities in the EU, EUMC, November 2005: http://fra.europa.eu/fra/material/pub/London/London-Bomb-attacks-EN.pdf Jocelyne Cesari ed., Securitization and Religious Divides in Europe. Muslims in Western Europe After 9/11: Why the term Islamophobia is more a predicament than an explanation, 2006 http://www.euro-islam.info/PDFs/ChallengeProjectReport.pdf%20-4.pdf comprising a general ‘Introduction’ and 6 country reports: Jocelyn Cesari, ‘The Use of the Term “Islamophobia” in Western Societies’, 5-48 Chris Allen, ‘UK’, 49-99 Marcel Maussen, ‘The Netherlands’, 100-142 advances three arguments against use of term “Islamophobia” in favour of anti-Muslim sentiment; mong them claim that it ‘embedds research onanti-Muslim discourse within [a neo-Marxist] research tradition of ideology critique’, see pp.100-103 Yasemin Karakasoglu at al, ‘Germany’, 143-194 Alexandre Caeiro, ‘France’, 195-226 José María Ortuño Aix, ‘Spain’, -300 rejects concept of “Islamophobia” as entailing too narrow and less releavnt a focus for the analysis of complex layering of historical, socio-economic and political contexts of the Spanish case (quite why this makes for exceptionality in the Spanish case is not entirely clear) Mirna Liguori, ‘Italy’, 301-323 Muslims in the European Union: Discrimination and Islamophobia, EUMC, 2006 http://www.eumc.at/eumc/material/pub/muslim/Manifestations_EN.pdf Tufayl Choudhury et al, Perceptions of Discrimination and Islamophobia. Voices from members of Muslim Communities in the European Union, EUMU, 2006 http://eumc.europa.eu/eumc/material/pub/muslim/Perceptions_EN.pdf The Annual Report on the Situation Regarding Racism and Xenophobia in the Member States of the EU, EUMC, 2006: http://fra.europa.eu/fra/material/pub/ar06/AR06-P2-EN.pdf see section 6.3.3: ‘The Muslim Communities’ Collectif contre l’islamophobie en France: deux années, quel bilan?, Collectif Contre l’Islamophobie en France, March 2006 101 http://www.islamophobie.net/communiques/bilan_ccif_2003_2005.pdf Two year report covering the period 2003-2005 S. Sayyid, ‘Islam and Knowledge’, Theory, Culture & Society 23: 2/3 (May 2006), 177-79 Barnor Hesse and S. Sayyid, ‘Narrating the Postcolonial Political and the Immigrant Imaginary’, in N. Ali et al eds., A Postcolonial People: South Asians in Briatin, London: Hurst, 2006, pp.13-31 Ferruh Yilmaz, Ethnicized Ontologies: From Foreign Worker to Muslim Immigrant: How Danish public discourse moved to the right through the question of immigration, PhD Dissertation, University of California San Diego, 2006 http://communication.ucsd.edu/fyilmaz/dissertation.pdf Assifa Hussain and William M. Miller, Multicultural Nationalism: Islamophobia, Anglophobia, and Devolution, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006 Ziad Abu-Zayyad and Hillel Schenker, Islamophobia and Anti-semitism, Markus Wiener Publishers, 2006 Elizabeth Poole and John E. Richardson eds., Muslims and the News Media, London: I. B. Tauris, 2006 Christopher John Allen, Islamaphobia : contested concept in the public space, PhD Thesis (Theology), University of Birmingham, 2006 A. Sivanandan, ‘Race, Terror and Civil Society’, Race & Class 47:3 (January 2006), 1-8 Lorraine Sheridan, ‘Islamophobia pre and post September 11th 2001’, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21:3 (March 2006), 317-336 Nick Hopkins and Vered Kahani-Hopkins, ‘Minority group members' theories of intergroup contact: A case study of British Muslims' conceptualizations of Islamophobia and social change’, British Journal of Social Psychology, 45: 2 (June 2006), 245-264 Matt Carr, ‘You are now entering Eurabia’, Race & Class 48:1 (July 2006), 1-22 Aki Nawaz/ Fun Da Mental “All is War” Manifesto, August 2006 http://www.dicklaurentisdead.com/fun-da-mental/alliswar_info.html Jeffrey Kaplan, ‘Islamophobia in America?: September 11 and Islamophobic hate crime’, Terrorism and Political Violence 18 (2006), 1-33 Jasmin Zine, ‘Unveiled Sentiments: Gendered Islamophobia and Experiences of Veiling among Muslim Girls in a Canadian Islamic School’, Equity Excellence in Education 39:3 (August 2006), 239-252 John E. Richardson, ‘On delineating “reasonable” and “unreasonable” criticisms of Muslims’, Fifth Estate Online (August 2006): http://www.fifth-estate-online.co.uk/criticsm/ondelineatingreasonableandunreasonable.html Paul Weller, ‘Addressing Religious Discrimination and Islamophobia: Muslims and Liberal Democracies. The Case of the United Kingdom’, Journal of Islamic Studies, 17: 3 (September 2006), 295-325 Jonathan Birt, ‘Good Imam, Bad Imam’, Muslim World, 96:4 (October 2006), 687-705 Saba Mahmood, ‘Secularism, Hermeneutics and Empire: The Politics of Islamic Reformation’, Public Culture, 18:2 (2006), 323-347 http://ls.berkeley.edu/dept/anth/mahmood.secularism.pdf David Keane, ‘Addressing the Aggravated Meeting Points of Race and Religion’, University of Maryland Law Journal of Race, Religion, Gender & Class, 6 (2006), 367-406 Steven George Salaita, ‘Beyond Orientalism and Islamophobia: 9/11, Anti-Arab Racism, and the Mythos of National Pride’, CR: The New Centennial Review, 6: 2 (Fall 2006), 245-266 Moustafa Bayoumi, ‘Racing Religion’, CR: The New Centennial Review, 6: 2 (Fall 2006), 267-293 Nada Elia, ‘Islamophobia and the “Privileging” of Arab American Women’, NWSA [National Women’s Studies Association] Journal 18:3 (Fall 2006): Feminist Perspectives on Peace and War: Before and After 9/11, pp.155-161 I. D. Tyrer, ‘Islamophobia for Absolute Beginners’, The Muslim News, no. 204, 28 April 2006/ 1 Rabi’ al-Akhar 1427 Jonas Otterbeck and Pieter Bevelander, Islamofobi - en studie av begreppet, ungdomars attityder och unga muslimers utsatthet, Stockholm: Forum for Levanda Historia, 2006 http://www.levandehistoria.se/Islamofobi ‘Islamophobia. English Summary’: http://www.levandehistoria.se/files/islamophobia_englishsummary.pdf provides a summary in English (pp.3-7) of ch.2 of the Swedish Report which attempts a critical review of the meaning, conceptual compass and alternatives to “Islamophobia” and evaluation of its usefulness. Aludes and draws on Ake Sander’s attempt to develop a more robust concept and definition of Islamophobia with legal purchase than the Runnymede Trust’s, along the lines of sexual harassment. Gargi Bhattacharyya, ‘Wars on our doorstep – Islamicising “race” and militarising everyday life’, in Alana Lentin and Ronin Lentin eds., Race and State, Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Press, 2006, pp.131-151. Nasar Meer, ‘“Get off your knees!” Print media public intellectuals and Muslims in Britain’, Journalism Studies, 7:1 (2006), 35–59. http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/2004779677-56257079/content~content=a741570380~db=all~order=page Yahya Birt, ‘Notes on Islamophobia’, Musings on the Britannic Crescent, posted 31 December 2006: http://www.yahyabirt.com/?p=48 J. Leibold and S.Kühnel, ‘Islamophobie. Differenzierung tut Not’, in Wilhelm Heitmeyer ed., Deutsche Zustände, folge 4, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 2006, pp. 135-155. Shehla Khan, ‘Muslims!’, in N. Ali et al eds., A Postcolonial People, London: Hurst, 2006, pp.182-187 Report on Racism and Xenophobia in the Member States of the EU, European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FAR), 2007 Focuses on implementation of Racial Equality Directive; Despite refences to Muslims in sections 5.5 ‘Social Groups most vulnerable to racial descrimination, and 6.1.3 on the ‘Danish Cartoons Controversy’, there is no discussion of Islamophobia ISHR Summary Report on the Updated Report by the UN Special Rapporteur on Cotemporary Forms of Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance, 2007 http://www.ishr.ch/hrm/council/reports_in_short/summaries_pdfs/sum_sixth_session_2007/sr_racism_defamation_religion.pdf On Doudou Diéne’s alert to rising Islamophobia in the West, see interview: http://www.humanrights-geneva.info/article.php3?id_article=2206 Tariq Modood, Multiculturalism: A Civic Idea, Oxford: Polity Press, 2007 Steffen Kuhnel and Jürgen Leibold, Islamophobie in der Deutschen Bevölkerung: Ein neues Phänomen oder nur ein Neuer Name? Ergebnisse von Bevölkerungsumfragen zur Gruppenbezogenen Menschenfeindlichkeit 2003 bis 2005’ [Islamophobia in Germany: A new phenomenon or just 103 a new label? Results of population-surveys about group-related adverseness from 2003 to 2005], Soziale Welt 58: sup 17 (2007), 135-154, 450-451 from abstract: argues that ‘Islamophobia is not independent from xenophobic attitudes; it rather seems to be a specific component of xenophobia. Furthermore there are hints, that the pressure on Muslims to accept Western ideals, particularly sexual equality, is related to Islamophobic attitudes’, and that Islamophobia is set to rise Scott Poynting and Victoria Mason, ‘The resistible rise of Islamophobia: Anti-Muslim racism in the UK and Australia before 11 September 2001’, Journal of Sociology 43: 1 (March 2007), 61-86 Jan Nederveen Pieterse, ‘Islam and Cosmopolitansm’, in Ethnicities and Global Multiculture: pants for an octopus, Lanham, Md: Rowan & Littlefield, 2007, pp.155-175 Joan Wallach Scott, The Politics of the Veil, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007 Junaid Rana, ‘The Story of Islamophobia’, Souls: A Critical Journal of Black Politics, Culture, and Society, 9:2 (April 2007), 148-161 Juan Cole, ‘Islamophobia as a Social Problem’, Middle East Studies Association Bulletin 41: 1, (June 2007), 3-7 Marcel Maussen, ‘The Governance of Islam in Western Europe: A State of the Art Report’, IMISCOE (Working Papers 16), 2007: http://www.imiscoe.org/publications/workingpapers/documents/GovernanceofIslam-stateoftheart_000.pdf Matti Bunzl, Anti-Semitism and Islamophobia: Hatreds Old and New in Europe Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press, 2007 includes a revised and expanded version of Bunzl’s 2005 AE article with a new set of responses and rejoinder: Matti Bunzl, ‘Anti-Semitism and Islamophobia’, 1-46 Dan Diner, ‘Reflections on Anti-Semistism and Islamophobia’, 47-53 Brian Klug, ‘A Contradiction in “the New Europe”’, 54-60 Paul A. Silverstein, ‘Comment on Bunzl’, 61-68 Adam Sutcliffe, ‘Power and the Politics of Prejudice’, 69-76 Esther Benbassa, ‘Xenophobia, Anti-Semitism, and Racism: Europe’s Recurring Evils?’, 77-89 Susan Buck Morris, ‘Comment on Bunzl’, 90-104 Matti Bunzl, ‘Response’, 105-112 Nasar Meer, ‘Less Equal Than Others’, Index on Censorship, 36:2 (2007), 114-118 Arun Kundnani, ‘Integrationism: the politics of anti-Muslim racism’, Race & Class, 48:4 (April 2007), 24-44 ‘Racism, Liberty and the War on Terror’, Race & Class, 48:4 (April 2007), 45-96 Proceedings of 2006 IRR Conference: Key notes by A. Sivanandan and Gareth Pierce, and diverse contributions to panels and discussion Clive C. Field, ‘Islamophobia in Contemporary Britain: The Evidence of the Opinion Polls, 1988–2006’, Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations, 18: 4 (October 2007), 447–477. Amir Saeed, ‘Media, Racism and Islamophobia: The Representation of Islam and Muslims in the Media’, Sociology Compass, 1:2 (November 2007), 443-462 http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1751-9020.2007.00039.x Chris Allen, ‘The Death of Multiculturalism: Blaming and shaming British Muslims’, Durham Anthropology Journal 14:1 (Summer 2007) http://www.dur.ac.uk/anthropology.journal/vol14/iss1/PDF/allen.pdf Chris Allen, The ‘First’ Decade of Islamophobia: 10 Years of the Runnymede Trust Report ‘Islamophobia: a challenge for us all’, 2007 S. Riedel, ‘Zwischen "Euro-Islam" und Islamophobie’, Internationale Politik, 62: 9 (September 2007), 36-45 Qulsoom Inayat, ‘Islamophobia and the Therapeutic Dialogue: Some reflections’, Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 20:3 (September 2007), 287-293 L. Tezcan, ‘Kultur, Gouvernementalitat der Religion und der Integrationsdiskurs’ [Culture, governmentality of religion and the discourse on integration], Sozial Welt, 58: Sup17 (2007), 51-74, 448-449 adopts a Foucauldian governmentality approach to State policies towards Muslim immigrants and communities. from the abstract: ‘analyzes how Islam - as a reaction to security threats - becomes an object of political regulation’. Argues that ‘governmental inclusion of Islam by integration policy’ contributes to transform ‘migrants from Islamic background into Homo Islamicus’ with ‘“Interfaith dialogue” is becoming the mode of societal communication with migrants’. Peter Gottschalk and Gabriel Greenberg, Islamophobia: Making Muslims the Enemy, Lanham, Md: Rowan & Littlefield, 2008 analysis of Islamophobia in american political cartoons Anne-Marie Fortier, ‘Loving Thy Neighbour and the politics of inter-ethnic propinquity’, in Multicultural Horizons: Diversity and the limits of the civil nation, London: Routledge, 2008, pp.66-86 reading normative framings of ‘acceptable mixing’ and the future of Britain in community cohesion policy thorugh the Cutting Edge TV ducumentary The Last White Kids Nasar Meer, ‘The politics of voluntary and involuntary identities: are Muslims in Britain an ethnic, racial or religious minority?’, Patterns of Prejudice, 42: 1 (February 2008), 60-81. Paul A. Silverstein, ‘The context of antisemitism and Islamophobia in France’, Patterns of Prejudice, 42: 1 (February 2008), 1-26. Cultural Cleansing?, European Race Bulletin 62 (Winter 2008), compiled by Liz Fekete, London, IRR Nasar Meer and Tehseen Noorani, ‘A sociological comparison of anti-Semitism and anti-Muslim sentiment in Britain’, The Sociological Review, 56: 2 (2008), 195-219. Ali Behdad, ‘Historicising American Literary History 20:1/2 (Spring/Summer 2008), 286-299 and response: Susan Koshy, ‘Postcolonial Studies after 9/11: A response to Ali Behdad’, 300-303. David Tyrer, ‘“Fact” as MacGuffin: Islamophobia, “race” and Muslim identities’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, forthcoming Yahya Birt, ‘Islamophobia in the construction of British Muslim identity politics‘ in Peter E. Hopkins and Richard Gale eds., Muslims in Britain: Race, Place and Identities, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2008, in press

Further Reading

Hijab

Edward Said, Orientalism, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978

Ziauddin Sardar, The Future of Muslim Civilization, London: Croom Helm, 1979

ruptured the Westcentric complacency of modernization theory as teleology which deemed the very idea of a ‘Future of Muslim Civilization’ or ‘Islamic Futures’ oxymoronic concepts.

Edward Said, Covering Islam: How the media and the experts determine how we see the rest of the world, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981

Talal Asad, The Idea of an Anthropology of Islam, Washington D.C.: Centre for Comtemporary Arab Studies-GeorgeTown University, 1986

pathbreaking conceptualisation of Islam as “a discursive tradition”

Tariq Modood, ‘Goodbye Alabama: notes for a new anti-racism’, The Guardian 22 May 1989

republished in Modood Not Easy Being British, 1992, pp.79-83. Modood’s first post-Rushdie print intervention merging differentiation of Asian identity out of Blackness with still tentative but specifically Muslim religious identity by reference to communal faith dimension of ethnicity

Tariq Modood, ‘Religious Anger and Minority Rights’, Political Quarterly 60:3 (July 1989), 280-84

adds critique of liberal-left’s blinkered view of ‘religion’ to Modood’s ongoing critique of the dominant dual-race model and post-Rushdie Muslim assertiveness

Tariq Modood, ‘British Asian Muslims and the Rushdie Affair’, Political Quarterly 61:2 (April 1990), 143-160

Modood’s earliest substantial synthesis of his developing critique with the emerging threads which will be developed into a full fledged politics of difference and recognition argument for an equality sensitive to power differentials and group identity in papers and articles from 92 to 96, with the analysis of the economic dimension strengthened from 91; part of a PQ dossier on ‘the Resurgence of Religion’

[Kalim Siddiqui], The Muslim Manifesto – a strategy for survival, London: The Muslim Institute, 1990

http://www.muslimparliament.org.uk/MuslimManifesto.pdf

blueprint for a Muslim political standpoint in Britain but integrated in the global Islamic movement; see also Mohammed 1996

S. Sayyid, ‘Sign O’ Times: Kaffirs and Infidels Fighting the Ninth Crusade’, in Ernesto Laclau ed., The Making of Political Identities, London: Verso, 1994, pp.264-286

first outline of thesis advanced in Sayyid’s 1997 A Fundamental Fear

Jan Neverdeen Pieterse, ‘Unpacking the West: How European is Europe?’, in Ali Rattansi and Sallie Westwood eds., Racism, Modernity, Identity: On the Western Front, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994, pp.129-149

Jahangir Mohammed, The Home Office Strategy for Islam and Muslims in Britain. A discussion paper, London: The Muslim Parliament of Great Britain – The Open Press, 1996

an early critique of the (post)colonial governance of a domesticated Islam and disciplining Muslims through discourse of moderation and representation

Bobby S. Sayyid, A Fundamental Fear: Eurocentrism and the Emergence of Islamism, London: Zed Books, 1997

Islamophobia its features and dangers. A consultation paper, Commission on British Muslims and Islamophobia, The Runnymede Trust, February 1997

Islamophobia a challenge for us all. Report of the Runnymede Trust Commission on British Muslims and Islamophobia (Chaired by Prof. Gordon Conway), The Runnymede Trust, 1997

Michael Banton, ‘Islamophobia: a critical analysis’, Dialogue (December 1998)

Fred Halliday, ‘“Islamophobia” Reconsidered’, Ethnic & Racial Studies, 22: 5 (September 1999), 892-902.

Malcolm D. Brown ‘Orientalism and Resistance to Orientalism: Muslim Identities in Contemporary Western Europe’ in Sasha Roseneil and Julie Seymour eds., Practising Identities: Power and Resistance, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 1999, pp.180-198

Peter G. Mandaville and Bobby S. Sayyid, ‘Bobby S. Sayyid’s A Fundamental Fear: A dialogical review’, Global Society 13:2 (1999), 207-217

Max Silverman and Nira Yuval-Davis, ‘Jews, Arabs and the theorisation of Racism in Britain and France’, in Avtar Brah et al eds., Thinking identities : ethnicity, racism, and culture, New York: St Martin’s Press, 1999, pp.25-48 95

Talal Asad, ‘Religion, Nation State, Secularism’, in Peter Van der Veer and Hartmut Lehman eds., Nation and Religion: Perspectives on Europe and Asia, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999, pp.178-196

S. Sayyid, ‘Beyond Westphalia: Nations and Diasporas – the case of the Muslim Umma’ in Barnor Hesse ed., Unsettling Multiculturalism. London: Zed Books, 2000, pp.33-50

Talal Asad, ‘Muslims and European Identity: Can Europe represent Islam?’, in Elizabeth Hallam and Brian V. Street eds., Cultural Encounters: Representing ‘otherness’, London: Routledge, 2000, pp.11-27

Malcolm D. Brown, “Conceptualizing Racism and Islamophobia” in Jessica Ter Wal and Maykel Verkuyten (eds.) Comparative Perspectives on Racism, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000, pp. 73-90

Christopher Allen, Islamophobia: Western Perceptions of Islam in the contemporary World, dissertation, University of Wolverhampton, June 2001

Christopher Allen, Islamophobia in the Media Since September 11th, FAIR, September 2001

http://www.fairuk.org/docs/Islamophobia-in-the-Media-since-911-ChristopherAllen.pdf

Anti-Islamic Reactions Within the European Union after the recent acts of terror against the USA. A collection of country reports from RAXEN National Focus Points, Vienna, EUMC, October 2001:

http://fra.europa.eu/fra/material/pub/anti-islam/Report-041001.pdf

Anti-Islamic Reactions in the EU after the terrorist acts against the USA. A collection of country reports from Raxen National Focal Points, Second Report (25 September-19 October), EUMC, 2001:

http://fra.europa.eu/fra/material/pub/anti-islam/Nat-Report-291101.pdf

Chris Allen and Jorgen S. Nielsen, Summary Report on Islamophobia in the EU15 after 11 September 2001. Vienna: European Monitoring Centre for Racism and Xenophobia, May 2002

http://fra.europa.eu/fra/material/pub/anti-islam/Synthesis-report_en.pdf

Susan M. Akram and Kevin R. Johnson, ‘Race, Civil Rights and Immigration Law after September 11, 2001: The targetting of Arabs and Muslims’, NYU Annual Survey of American Law 58:3 (2002), 295-355:

http://www.law.nyu.edu/pubs/annualsurvey/documents/58%20N.Y.U.%20Ann.%20Surv.%20Am.%20L.%20295%20(2002).pdf

Liz Fekete, Racism: the hidden costs of September 11, London: IRR, 2002

Azru Merali and Massoud Shadjareh, Islamophobia - The New Crusade, Wembley: IHRC, 2002

L. Sheridan, E. Blaauw, R. Gillet and F.W. Winkel, ‘Discrimination and implicit Racism on the Basis of Religion and Ethnicity: Effects of the events of September 11 on five religious and seven ethnic groups, unpublished research, University of Leicester, 2002

Summarised in: Michael Connolly ed., Townshend-Smith on Discrimination Law: Text, Cases and Materials, London: RoutledgeCavendish, 2004, pp.19-20

Elizabeth Poole, Reporting Islam: Media Representations of British Muslims, London: I. B. Tauris, 2002

Rinela Cere, ‘“Islamophobia” and the Media in Italy’, Feminist Media Studies, 2:1 (March 2002), 133-136

Rana Kabbani, ‘Bible of the Muslim haters’, The Guardian 11.6.2002

Muneer Ahmad, ‘Homeland Insecurities: Racial Violence the day after September 11’, Social Text 72, vol. 20:3 (Fall 2002), 101-115

see expanded argument in Ahmad ‘Rage Shared by Law’ (2004)

Steven Vertovec, ‘Islamophobia and Muslim Recognition in Britain’, in Muslims in the West: From sojourners to citizens, New York: Oxford University Press, 2002, pp.19-35

Lorraine Sheridan, ‘Religious Discrimination: The new racism’, in The Quest for Sanity: Reflections on September 11 and the aftermath, London: MCB, 2002, pp.86-93

Chrisopher Allen, ‘Islamophobia in the EU post September 11’, in The Quest for Sanity: Reflections on September 11 and the aftermath, London: MCB, 2002, pp.136-143

Robert Miles and Malcolm Brown, Racism, 2nd ed., London: Routledge, 2003

David Tyrer, Institutionalised Islamophobia in British Universities, PhD Thesis (Sociology), University of Salford, 2003

Elizabeth Poole, ‘Islamophobia’, in Ellis Cashmore ed., Encyclopedia of Race and Ethnic Studies, London: Routledge, 2003

Fernne Brenan, ‘Punishing Islamophobic Hostility: Are any lessons to be learnt from racially hostile crimes?’, Journal of Civil Liberties 8:1 (2003), 28-50

also from: http://www.lawfile.org.uk/Racial%20Crimes.htm

Rachel A. D. Bloul, ‘Islamophobia and Anti-Discrimination Laws: Ethno-religion as a legal category in the UK and Australia’, National Europe Centre Paper 78

http://www.anu.edu.au/NEC/Archive/bloul_paper.pdf

Neil MacMaster, ‘Islamophobia in France and the “Algerian Problem”’, in Emran Qureshi and Micahel Sells eds., The New Crusades: Constructing the Enemy Within, New York: Columbia U.P., 2003, pp.288-313

Vincent Geisser, La nouvelle islamophobie, Paris: La Decouverte, 2003

S. Sayyid, ‘Muslims in Britain: Towards a political agenda’, in Mohammad Siddique Seddon et al eds., British Muslims: Loyalty and Belonging, Leicester: Islamic Foundation, 2003, pp.87-94

Tariq Modood, ‘Muslims and the Politics of Difference’, Political Quarterly 74:1 (2003), 100-115

Xavier Ternisien, ‘Du Racisme anti-arabe à l’Islamophobie’, Le Monde, 10 October 2003

Islamophobie, ProChoix 26-27 (Autumn 2003)

http://www.prochoix.org/pdf/prochoix26-27.pdf

special issue on Islamophobia from uncompromising French Republican laic feminist perspective settling accounts with Xavier Ternisien, rejecting his argument of an evolution from anti-Arab racism to islamophobia, and Vincent Geisser’s thesis of New Islamophobia; includes article by Irshad Manji and several attacks on Tariq Ramadan. Includes:

Caroline Fourest and Fiametta Venner, ‘Islamophobie?’, 13-16

Main article by the journal’s founders which claims that the term was first coined by Iranian Mullahs in 1979 by which to label women who refused to wear to veil as evil Muslims, and revived by Islamists to silence feminists and liberals.

Christopher Allen, ‘Emerging from the Fog: Islamophobia in the Wake of 9/11’, Islamica magazine 10 (Winter 2003), pp.25-31

Laurent Bonnefoy, ‘Public Institutions and Islam: A new stigmatizatin?’, ISIM Newsletter 13 (December 2003), 22

Stefano Allievi, 'Islamofobia? Nuove forme di definizione e stigmatizzazione dell'alterità', Razzismo e Modernità, 2 (2003), 3-30

Jürgen Leibold and Steffen Kühnel, ‘Islamophobie: Sensible Aufmerksamkeit für spannungsreiche Anzeichen’, in Wilhelm Heitmeyer ed., Deutsche Zustände, Folge 2, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 2003, pp. 100-119.

Jasmin Zine, ‘Dealing With September 12th: The Challenge of Anti-Islamophobia Education’, Orbit 33:3 (2003) special issue: Anti-Racism Practices and Inclusive Schooling, ed. by George S Sefa Dei and Njoki Wane:

http://www.oise.utoronto.ca/orbit/anti-racism_sample.html

Manifesto Contra la Islamofobia, Madrid: Fundación de Cultura Islámica, 2003

The Fight Against Anti-Semitism and Islamophobia: Bringing Communities Together. A Summary of three Round Table Meetings, Brussels-Vienna: EC-EUMC, Fall 2003:

http://fra.europa.eu/fra/material/pub/RT3/Report-RT3-en.pdf

see especially Part 2: ‘Manifestations of Islamophobia in Europe’, comprising country, regional and Europe wide overviews and analysis of Islamophobia and combating Islamophobia

John E. Richardson, (Mis)Representing Islam: The racism and rhetoric of British broadsheet newspapers, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2004

See ch.1 for discussion of conceptualisations and contestations over of “Islamophobia”

Mahmood Mamdani, Good Muslim, Bad Muslim: America, The Cold War, and the Roots of Terror, New York: Pantheon, 2004

S. Sayyid, ‘Slippery People: The immigrant imaginary and the grammar of colours’, in Ian Law et al eds., Institutional Racism in Higher Education, Stoke on Trent: Trentham Books, 2004, pp.149-159

Engseng Ho, ‘Empire Through Diasporic Eyes: A view from the Other Boat’, in John Tirman ed., The Maze of Fear: Security and Migration after 9/11, New York: The New Press, 2004, pp.17-44

D. Shumsky, ‘Post-Zionist orientalism? Orientalist discourse and Islamophobia among the Russian-speaking intelligentsia in Israel’, Social Identities 10:1 (January 2004), 83-99

Nazir Ahmed, Islamophobia and Antisemitism, European Judaism, 37: 1 (January 2004), 124-127

Gabriele Marranci, ‘Multiculturalism, Islam and the clash of civilisations theory: rethinking Islamophobia’, Culture and Religion 5:1 (March 2004), 105-117

Rachel Guglielmo, ‘Human Rights in the Accession Process: Roma and Muslims in an Enlarging EU’, in Gabriel N. Toggenburg ed., Minority Protection and the Enlarged European Union: The Way Forward, Budapest: EURAC, 2004, pp.37-58

Islamophobia issues, challenges and action. A Report by the Commission on British Muslims and Islamophobia (Chaired by Dr Richard Stone), London: Uniting Britain Trust-Stoke on Trent: Trentham Books, 2004

Neo-orientalism and Islamophobia: post 9/11, special issue of American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, 21:3 (Summer 2004), ed. by Katherine Bullock:

http://rnb.uin.googlepages.com/v21n3summer2004.pdf

includes:

Katherine Bullock, ‘Editorial’, i-iv 98

Christopher Allen, ‘Justifying Islamophobia: A post 9/11 Consideration of the European Union and British Contexts’, 1-25

Tahir Abbas, ‘After 9/11: British South Asian Muslims, Islamophobia, Multiculturalism, and the State’, 26-38

Jasmin Zine, ‘Anti-Islamophobia Education as Transformative Pedagogy: Reflections from the Educational Frontlines’, 110-119

Liz Fekete, ‘Anti-Muslim Racism and the European Security State’, Race & Class 46:1 (July 2004), 3-29

Alexander Verkhovsky, ‘Who is the Enemy Now?: Islamophobia and antisemitism among Russian Orthodox Nationslists before and after September 11’, Patterns of Prejudice, 32:2 (2004), 127-143

Muneer I. Ahmad, ‘A Rage Shared by Law: Post-September 11 Racial Violence as Crimes of Passion’, California Law Review, 92:5 (October 2004), 1259-1330

David Tyrer, ‘The Others: Extremism and intolerance on campus and the spectre of Islamic fundamentalism’, in Ian Law et al eds., Institutional Racism in Higher Education, stoke on Trent: Trentham Books, 2004, pp.35-48

Barry van Driel ed., Confronting Islamophobia in Educational Practice, Stoke on Trent: Trentham Books, 2004

includes:

Lorraine Sheridan, ‘Islamophobia before and after september 11th 2001’, 163-176

Islamophobia and its Consequences on Young People. A Seminar Report, ed. by Ingrid Ramberg, Budapest: Council of Europe, 2004

http://eycb.coe.int/eycbwwwroot/HRE/eng/documents/Islamophobia%20report/Islamophobia%20final%20ENG.pdf

includes:

François Sant’Angelo, ‘The Council of Europe and the Work Against Islamophobia: Existing instruments and standards’, 29-35

Vincent Geisser, ‘Islamophobia in Europe: From the Christian anti-Muslim prejudice to a modern form of racism’, 36-47

Rapport d'étape du CCIF en France 2003/2004, Collectif Contre l’Islamophobie en France, October 2004:

http://www.islamophobie.net/dev/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=27&Itemid=42

Jessica Alves dos Santos Batista, Racisme et Islamophobie dans les publications du Vlaams Blok à Bruxelles: L‘islamophobie a’t’elle remplacé le concept de l’inégalité des races?, Degree Dissertation in Political Science-International Relations, Free University of Brussels, 2004:

http://www.blokwatch.be/media/2004JessicaIslamophobie.PDF

Paul A. Silverstein, ‘Islam, Bodily Practice, and Social Reproduction’, in Algeria in France: Transpolitics, Race and Nation, Indiana: Indiana U.P., 2005, pp.121-150

Margaret Chon and Donna E. Arzt, ‘Walking While Muslim’, Law and Contemporary Problems, 68 (2004-2005), 215-254

http://www.law.duke.edu/shell/cite.pl?68+Law+&+Contemp.+Probs.+215+(spring+2005)

Tariq Modood, Multicultural Politics: Racism, Ethnicity and Muslims in Britain, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2005

See ‘Introduction: Racism, Asian Muslims, and the Politics of Difference’, pp.1-23

Muslims in the UK: Policies for Engaged Citizens, ed. by Tufyal Choudhury, EU Monitoring and Advocacy Programme–Open Society Institute, 2005

Ch. 1: ‘Discrimination, Equality and Community Cohesion’ (based on draft report by Maleiha Malik), 43-99

http://www.eumap.org/topics/minority/reports/britishmuslims/sections/equality/6_Equality.pdf

Derek McGhee, ‘Faith Hate in post 9/11 UK’, in Intolerant Britain?: hate, citizenship, and difference, Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill–Open University Press, 2005, pp.92-117

Muzzamil Quraishi, ‘Colonialism, Criminalized Tribes and Islamophobia’, ch.3 of Muslims and Crime: A Comparative Perspective, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005, pp.48-63

Chris Allen, ‘Endemically European or a European Epidemic? Islamophobia in the post 9/11 Europe’, in Ron Geaves et al eds., Islam & the West post 9/11, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004, pp.130-145

Chris Allen, ‘From Race to Religion: The new face of discrimination’, in Tahir Abbas ed., Muslims in Britian: Communities under pressure, London: Zed Books, 2005, pp.49-65

Ali Rattansi, ‘On Being and not Being Brown/Black-British: Racism, Class, Sexuality, and Ethnicity in post-Imperial Britain (with Postscript 2004: The Politics of Longing and (Un)Belonging, Fear, and Loathing)’, in Jo-Anne Lee and John Lutz eds., Situating “Race” and Racisms in Space, Time, and Theory: Critical Essays for Activists and Scholars, Montreal: McGill-Queen’s U.P., 2005, pp.46-76

Ali Rattansi, ‘The Uses of Racialization: The time-spaces and subject-objects of the raced body’, in Karim Murji and John Solomos eds., Racialization: Studies in theory and practice, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005, pp.271-301

Claims to highlight a ‘hitherto neglected’ aspect of the concept of Islamophobia, ‘its tendency to pathologise’, which results in essentialised and dehistoricised analyses

Göran Larsson, ‘The impact of global conflicts on local contexts: Muslims in sweden after 9/11 – the rise of Islamophobia, or new possibilities?’, Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, 16:1 (January 2005), 29-42

Kenan Malik, ‘Islamophobia Myth’, Prospect (February 2005), 28-31

Pnina Werbner, ‘Islamophobia: incitement to religious hatred – legislating for a new fear?’, Anthropology Today, 21:1 (February 2005): 5–9.

see reply by Brian Street, AT Oct 2005

Jörg Stolz, ‘Explaining Islamophobia: A Test of four Theories Based on the Case of a Swiss City’, Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Soziologie/ Swiss Journal of Sociology, 31: 3, 2005, 547-566

according to the abstract: ‘a new definition of Islamophobia is proposed, as well as practical solutions to frequent epistemological problems [...] it is found that islamophobia can be accounted for by a traditionalist world-view which in turn is caused by rapid social change’

Intolerance and Discrimination against Muslims in the EU Developments since September 11, Report, Helsinki: International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights (IHF), March 2005

Mehmet Aydin, ‘Fighting Intolerance and Discimination against Muslims: facilitating integration and respecting Cultural difference’, OSCE Conference on Anti-Semitism and on Other Forms of Intolerance, Cordoba, June 2005:

http://www.osce.org/documents/cio/2005/06/15051_en.pdf

Haleh Afshar, Rob Aitken and Myfanwy Franks, ‘Feminisms, Islamophobia and Identities’, Political Studies, Volume 53: 2 (June 2005), 262-283

Thomas Deltombe, L’Islam Imaginaire: La construction médiatique de l’islamophobie en France, 1975-2005, Paris: La Découverte, 2005

Jasbir K. Puar ‘On Torture: Abu Ghraib’, Radical History Review 93 (Fall 2005), 13-38

see: ‘The Production of the Muslim Body’

Nassim Mobasher, ‘The Production of the Muslim Race’, Hot Coals, posted 15 November 2005: http://hotcoals.org/?p=30

Matti Bunzl, ‘Between Anti-Semitism and Islamophobia: Some Thoughts on the New Europe’, American Ethnologist, Vol. 32, No. 4. (November 2005), 499-508

includes responses from:

Esra Özyürek, ‘The politics of cultural unification, secularism, and the place of Islam in the new Europe’, 509-512

Andre Gingrich, ‘Anthropological analyses of Islamophobia and anti-Semitism in Europe’, 513-515

Jonathan Boyarin, ‘Discerning the ghosts and the interest of the living’, 516-18

Karen Brodkin, ‘Xenophobia, the state, and capitalism’, 519-20

Dominic Boyer, ‘Welcome to the new Europe’, 521-23

John Bowen, ‘Commentary on Bunzl’, 524-25

Nina Glick Schiller, ‘Racialized nations, evangelizing Christianity, police states, and imperial power: Missing in action in Bunzl’s new Europe’, 526-532

Matti Bunzl, ‘Rejoinder: Methods and politics’, 533-37

see also Bunzl 2007

Brian Street, ‘Islamophobia and Racism: A response to Pnina Werbner, Anthropology Today 21:5 (October 2005), 21.

Yahya Birt, ‘Muslims and the Politics of Race and Faith in Britain and Europe’, The Muslim World Book Review 26:1 (2005), 6-19

The impact of 7 July 2005 London bomb attacks on Muslim Communities in the EU, EUMC, November 2005:

http://fra.europa.eu/fra/material/pub/London/London-Bomb-attacks-EN.pdf

Jocelyne Cesari ed., Securitization and Religious Divides in Europe. Muslims in Western Europe After 9/11: Why the term Islamophobia is more a predicament than an explanation, 2006

http://www.euro-islam.info/PDFs/ChallengeProjectReport.pdf%20-4.pdf

comprising a general ‘Introduction’ and 6 country reports:

Jocelyn Cesari, ‘The Use of the Term “Islamophobia” in Western Societies’, 5-48

Chris Allen, ‘UK’, 49-99

Marcel Maussen, ‘The Netherlands’, 100-142

advances three arguments against use of term “Islamophobia” in favour of anti-Muslim sentiment; mong them claim that it ‘embedds research onanti-Muslim discourse within [a neo-Marxist] research tradition of ideology critique’, see pp.100-103

Yasemin Karakasoglu at al, ‘Germany’, 143-194

Alexandre Caeiro, ‘France’, 195-226

José María Ortuño Aix, ‘Spain’, -300

rejects concept of “Islamophobia” as entailing too narrow and less releavnt a focus for the analysis of complex layering of historical, socio-economic and political contexts of the Spanish case (quite why this makes for exceptionality in the Spanish case is not entirely clear)

Mirna Liguori, ‘Italy’, 301-323

Muslims in the European Union: Discrimination and Islamophobia, EUMC, 2006

http://www.eumc.at/eumc/material/pub/muslim/Manifestations_EN.pdf

Tufayl Choudhury et al, Perceptions of Discrimination and Islamophobia. Voices from members of Muslim Communities in the European Union, EUMU, 2006

http://eumc.europa.eu/eumc/material/pub/muslim/Perceptions_EN.pdf

The Annual Report on the Situation Regarding Racism and Xenophobia in the Member States of the EU, EUMC, 2006:

http://fra.europa.eu/fra/material/pub/ar06/AR06-P2-EN.pdf

see section 6.3.3: ‘The Muslim Communities’

Collectif contre l’islamophobie en France: deux années, quel bilan?, Collectif Contre l’Islamophobie en France, March 2006 101

http://www.islamophobie.net/communiques/bilan_ccif_2003_2005.pdf

Two year report covering the period 2003-2005

S. Sayyid, ‘Islam and Knowledge’, Theory, Culture & Society 23: 2/3 (May 2006), 177-79

Barnor Hesse and S. Sayyid, ‘Narrating the Postcolonial Political and the Immigrant Imaginary’, in N. Ali et al eds., A Postcolonial People: South Asians in Briatin, London: Hurst, 2006, pp.13-31

Ferruh Yilmaz, Ethnicized Ontologies: From Foreign Worker to Muslim Immigrant: How Danish public discourse moved to the right through the question of immigration, PhD Dissertation, University of California San Diego, 2006

http://communication.ucsd.edu/fyilmaz/dissertation.pdf

Assifa Hussain and William M. Miller, Multicultural Nationalism: Islamophobia, Anglophobia, and Devolution, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006

Ziad Abu-Zayyad and Hillel Schenker, Islamophobia and Anti-semitism, Markus Wiener Publishers, 2006

Elizabeth Poole and John E. Richardson eds., Muslims and the News Media, London: I. B. Tauris, 2006

Christopher John Allen, Islamaphobia : contested concept in the public space, PhD Thesis (Theology), University of Birmingham, 2006

A. Sivanandan, ‘Race, Terror and Civil Society’, Race & Class 47:3 (January 2006), 1-8

Lorraine Sheridan, ‘Islamophobia pre and post September 11th 2001’, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21:3 (March 2006), 317-336

Nick Hopkins and Vered Kahani-Hopkins, ‘Minority group members' theories of intergroup contact: A case study of British Muslims' conceptualizations of Islamophobia and social change’, British Journal of Social Psychology, 45: 2 (June 2006), 245-264

Matt Carr, ‘You are now entering Eurabia’, Race & Class 48:1 (July 2006), 1-22

Aki Nawaz/ Fun Da Mental “All is War” Manifesto, August 2006

http://www.dicklaurentisdead.com/fun-da-mental/alliswar_info.html

Jeffrey Kaplan, ‘Islamophobia in America?: September 11 and Islamophobic hate crime’, Terrorism and Political Violence 18 (2006), 1-33

Jasmin Zine, ‘Unveiled Sentiments: Gendered Islamophobia and Experiences of Veiling among Muslim Girls in a Canadian Islamic School’, Equity Excellence in Education 39:3 (August 2006), 239-252

John E. Richardson, ‘On delineating “reasonable” and “unreasonable” criticisms of Muslims’, Fifth Estate Online (August 2006):

http://www.fifth-estate-online.co.uk/criticsm/ondelineatingreasonableandunreasonable.html

Paul Weller, ‘Addressing Religious Discrimination and Islamophobia: Muslims and Liberal Democracies. The Case of the United Kingdom’, Journal of Islamic Studies, 17: 3 (September 2006), 295-325

Jonathan Birt, ‘Good Imam, Bad Imam’, Muslim World, 96:4 (October 2006), 687-705

Saba Mahmood, ‘Secularism, Hermeneutics and Empire: The Politics of Islamic Reformation’, Public Culture, 18:2 (2006), 323-347

http://ls.berkeley.edu/dept/anth/mahmood.secularism.pdf

David Keane, ‘Addressing the Aggravated Meeting Points of Race and Religion’, University of Maryland Law Journal of Race, Religion, Gender & Class, 6 (2006), 367-406

Steven George Salaita, ‘Beyond Orientalism and Islamophobia: 9/11, Anti-Arab Racism, and the Mythos of National Pride’, CR: The New Centennial Review, 6: 2 (Fall 2006), 245-266

Moustafa Bayoumi, ‘Racing Religion’, CR: The New Centennial Review, 6: 2 (Fall 2006), 267-293

Nada Elia, ‘Islamophobia and the “Privileging” of Arab American Women’, NWSA [National Women’s Studies Association] Journal 18:3 (Fall 2006): Feminist Perspectives on Peace and War: Before and After 9/11, pp.155-161

I. D. Tyrer, ‘Islamophobia for Absolute Beginners’, The Muslim News, no. 204, 28 April 2006/ 1 Rabi’ al-Akhar 1427

Jonas Otterbeck and Pieter Bevelander, Islamofobi - en studie av begreppet, ungdomars attityder och unga muslimers utsatthet, Stockholm: Forum for Levanda Historia, 2006

http://www.levandehistoria.se/Islamofobi

‘Islamophobia. English Summary’:

http://www.levandehistoria.se/files/islamophobia_englishsummary.pdf

provides a summary in English (pp.3-7) of ch.2 of the Swedish Report which attempts a critical review of the meaning, conceptual compass and alternatives to “Islamophobia” and evaluation of its usefulness. Aludes and draws on Ake Sander’s attempt to develop a more robust concept and definition of Islamophobia with legal purchase than the Runnymede Trust’s, along the lines of sexual harassment.

Gargi Bhattacharyya, ‘Wars on our doorstep – Islamicising “race” and militarising everyday life’, in Alana Lentin and Ronin Lentin eds., Race and State, Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Press, 2006, pp.131-151.

Nasar Meer, ‘“Get off your knees!” Print media public intellectuals and Muslims in Britain’, Journalism Studies, 7:1 (2006), 35–59.

http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/2004779677-56257079/content~content=a741570380~db=all~order=page

Yahya Birt, ‘Notes on Islamophobia’, Musings on the Britannic Crescent, posted 31 December 2006: http://www.yahyabirt.com/?p=48

J. Leibold and S.Kühnel, ‘Islamophobie. Differenzierung tut Not’, in Wilhelm Heitmeyer ed., Deutsche Zustände, folge 4, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 2006, pp. 135-155.

Shehla Khan, ‘Muslims!’, in N. Ali et al eds., A Postcolonial People, London: Hurst, 2006, pp.182-187

Report on Racism and Xenophobia in the Member States of the EU, European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FAR), 2007

Focuses on implementation of Racial Equality Directive; Despite refences to Muslims in sections 5.5 ‘Social Groups most vulnerable to racial descrimination, and 6.1.3 on the ‘Danish Cartoons Controversy’, there is no discussion of Islamophobia

ISHR Summary Report on the Updated Report by the UN Special Rapporteur on Cotemporary Forms of Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance, 2007

http://www.ishr.ch/hrm/council/reports_in_short/summaries_pdfs/sum_sixth_session_2007/sr_racism_defamation_religion.pdf

On Doudou Diéne’s alert to rising Islamophobia in the West, see interview:

http://www.humanrights-geneva.info/article.php3?id_article=2206

Tariq Modood, Multiculturalism: A Civic Idea, Oxford: Polity Press, 2007

Steffen Kuhnel and Jürgen Leibold, Islamophobie in der Deutschen Bevölkerung: Ein neues Phänomen oder nur ein Neuer Name? Ergebnisse von Bevölkerungsumfragen zur Gruppenbezogenen Menschenfeindlichkeit 2003 bis 2005’ [Islamophobia in Germany: A new phenomenon or just 103

a new label? Results of population-surveys about group-related adverseness from 2003 to 2005], Soziale Welt 58: sup 17 (2007), 135-154, 450-451

from abstract: argues that ‘Islamophobia is not independent from xenophobic attitudes; it rather seems to be a specific component of xenophobia. Furthermore there are hints, that the pressure on Muslims to accept Western ideals, particularly sexual equality, is related to Islamophobic attitudes’, and that Islamophobia is set to rise

Scott Poynting and Victoria Mason, ‘The resistible rise of Islamophobia: Anti-Muslim racism in the UK and Australia before 11 September 2001’, Journal of Sociology 43: 1 (March 2007), 61-86

Jan Nederveen Pieterse, ‘Islam and Cosmopolitansm’, in Ethnicities and Global Multiculture: pants for an octopus, Lanham, Md: Rowan & Littlefield, 2007, pp.155-175

Joan Wallach Scott, The Politics of the Veil, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007

Junaid Rana, ‘The Story of Islamophobia’, Souls: A Critical Journal of Black Politics, Culture, and Society, 9:2 (April 2007), 148-161

Juan Cole, ‘Islamophobia as a Social Problem’, Middle East Studies Association Bulletin 41: 1, (June 2007), 3-7

Marcel Maussen, ‘The Governance of Islam in Western Europe: A State of the Art Report’, IMISCOE (Working Papers 16), 2007:

http://www.imiscoe.org/publications/workingpapers/documents/GovernanceofIslam-stateoftheart_000.pdf

Matti Bunzl, Anti-Semitism and Islamophobia: Hatreds Old and New in Europe Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press, 2007

includes a revised and expanded version of Bunzl’s 2005 AE article with a new set of responses and rejoinder:

Matti Bunzl, ‘Anti-Semitism and Islamophobia’, 1-46

Dan Diner, ‘Reflections on Anti-Semistism and Islamophobia’, 47-53

Brian Klug, ‘A Contradiction in “the New Europe”’, 54-60

Paul A. Silverstein, ‘Comment on Bunzl’, 61-68

Adam Sutcliffe, ‘Power and the Politics of Prejudice’, 69-76

Esther Benbassa, ‘Xenophobia, Anti-Semitism, and Racism: Europe’s Recurring Evils?’, 77-89

Susan Buck Morris, ‘Comment on Bunzl’, 90-104

Matti Bunzl, ‘Response’, 105-112

Nasar Meer, ‘Less Equal Than Others’, Index on Censorship, 36:2 (2007), 114-118

Arun Kundnani, ‘Integrationism: the politics of anti-Muslim racism’, Race & Class, 48:4 (April 2007), 24-44

‘Racism, Liberty and the War on Terror’, Race & Class, 48:4 (April 2007), 45-96

Proceedings of 2006 IRR Conference: Key notes by A. Sivanandan and Gareth Pierce, and diverse contributions to panels and discussion

Clive C. Field, ‘Islamophobia in Contemporary Britain: The Evidence of the Opinion Polls, 1988–2006’, Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations, 18: 4 (October 2007), 447–477.

Amir Saeed, ‘Media, Racism and Islamophobia: The Representation of Islam and Muslims in the Media’, Sociology Compass, 1:2 (November 2007), 443-462

http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1751-9020.2007.00039.x

Chris Allen, ‘The Death of Multiculturalism: Blaming and shaming British Muslims’, Durham Anthropology Journal 14:1 (Summer 2007)

http://www.dur.ac.uk/anthropology.journal/vol14/iss1/PDF/allen.pdf

Chris Allen, The ‘First’ Decade of Islamophobia: 10 Years of the Runnymede Trust Report ‘Islamophobia: a challenge for us all’, 2007

S. Riedel, ‘Zwischen "Euro-Islam" und Islamophobie’, Internationale Politik, 62: 9 (September 2007), 36-45

Qulsoom Inayat, ‘Islamophobia and the Therapeutic Dialogue: Some reflections’, Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 20:3 (September 2007), 287-293

L. Tezcan, ‘Kultur, Gouvernementalitat der Religion und der Integrationsdiskurs’ [Culture, governmentality of religion and the discourse on integration], Sozial Welt, 58: Sup17 (2007), 51-74, 448-449

adopts a Foucauldian governmentality approach to State policies towards Muslim immigrants and communities. from the abstract: ‘analyzes how Islam - as a reaction to security threats - becomes an object of political regulation’. Argues that ‘governmental inclusion of Islam by integration policy’ contributes to transform ‘migrants from Islamic background into Homo Islamicus’ with ‘“Interfaith dialogue” is becoming the mode of societal communication with migrants’.

Peter Gottschalk and Gabriel Greenberg, Islamophobia: Making Muslims the Enemy, Lanham, Md: Rowan & Littlefield, 2008

analysis of Islamophobia in american political cartoons

Anne-Marie Fortier, ‘Loving Thy Neighbour and the politics of inter-ethnic propinquity’, in Multicultural Horizons: Diversity and the limits of the civil nation, London: Routledge, 2008, pp.66-86

reading normative framings of ‘acceptable mixing’ and the future of Britain in community cohesion policy thorugh the Cutting Edge TV ducumentary The Last White Kids

Nasar Meer, ‘The politics of voluntary and involuntary identities: are Muslims in Britain an ethnic, racial or religious minority?’, Patterns of Prejudice, 42: 1 (February 2008), 60-81.

Paul A. Silverstein, ‘The context of antisemitism and Islamophobia in France’, Patterns of Prejudice, 42: 1 (February 2008), 1-26.

Cultural Cleansing?, European Race Bulletin 62 (Winter 2008), compiled by Liz Fekete, London, IRR

Nasar Meer and Tehseen Noorani, ‘A sociological comparison of anti-Semitism and anti-Muslim sentiment in Britain’, The Sociological Review, 56: 2 (2008), 195-219.

Ali Behdad, ‘Historicising American Literary History 20:1/2 (Spring/Summer 2008), 286-299

and response:

Susan Koshy, ‘Postcolonial Studies after 9/11: A response to Ali Behdad’, 300-303.

David Tyrer, ‘“Fact” as MacGuffin: Islamophobia, “race” and Muslim identities’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, forthcoming

Yahya Birt, ‘Islamophobia in the construction of British Muslim identity politics‘ in Peter E. Hopkins and Richard Gale eds., Muslims in Britain: Race, Place and Identities, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2008, in press

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